Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic

Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) VLF-EM surveying is carried out with a combination magnetometer and VLF-EM receiver. This instrument is designed to measure the electromagnetic component of the very low frequency field (VLF-EM) which is transmitted from various stations within North America. In all electromagnetic prospecting, a transmitter induces an alternating magnetic field (called the […]

Self-Potential Surveying

Self Potential or SP surveys are used with induced polarisation (I.P.) and resistivity surveys in mineral exploration and geophysics.

Self-Potential Surveying Self-potential is a very old geophysical technique designed to measure the electrical potential differences between pairs of electrodes that contact the surface of the earth. Anomalous surface potentials, measured in millivolts against a base station, are typically detected near pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and graphite. In self-potential surveys we conduct the data is […]

Seismic Refraction

Seismic Refraction The seismic refraction method of geophysical surveying is one which measures the velocities of shock waves traveling through materials.  Shock waves are generated by an energy source such as hammer blows on a steel plate for very shallow depths or explosives for greater depths.  Through this method, basically two properties are determined,- (1) […]

Seismic Reflection

Geotronics using geophysical techniques like seismic reflection and seismic refraction to determine overburden, bedrock, and find minerals like gold.

Seismic Reflection There are two types of seismic surveys we have run for decades – refraction and reflection. Both types of seismic surveys work by measuring the travel time of energy from a surficial shot (usually an explosive in the case of refraction, and a hammer hitting a plate in reflection) to an array of […]

Magnetic Surveying

Magnetic surveing using a magnetometer and VLF-EM to find minerals, an example of geophysics.

  Magnetic Surveying Magnetic surveying works by detecting disturbances in the earth’s magnetic field – in mineral exploration these disturbances are usually caused by magnetite and pyrrhotite, the only two commonly occurring magnetic minerals. It works by detecting the presence of these minerals in varying concentrations, as follows: Magnetite and pyrrhotite may occur with economic […]

Induced Polarization and Resistivity

Downhole Induced Polarisation and Resistivity using I.P. to find gold, silver, and minerals with geophysics in B.C.

  Induced Polarization (IP) and Resistivity Induced polarization (IP) and resistivity surveying works due to the ground’s ability to transmit electricity even in the absence of metallic-type conductors. Through a transmitter, voltage is applied to the ground and electrical current flows. If certain mineral particles that transport current by electrons (mostly sulphides, some oxides and […]

Ground Penetrating Radar

GPR or Ground Penetrating Radar is a geophysical technique to find minerals or bedrock and is used for placer, gold, or geology.

  Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ground penetrating radar, or GPR, is in principle related to reflection seismic methods. A transmitter (Tx) emits a signal into the surface of investigation. The back-scattered signal is detected and registered by a receiver (Rx). In contrast to seismic methods, GPR uses electromagnetic waves instead of acoustic waves. EM-waves will […]